Elektrobit Corporation Essay

Which of suggestions recorded in the Manager’s Toolbox were utilized by Elektrobit Corp? Clarify. Beneath shows some of suggestions of Manager’s Toolbox were utilized by Elektrobit Corporation :- (I) Elektrobit has late appearances to a zone share their encounters with newcomers. To illuminate to the newcomers about what we encountered during all projects in Elektrobit Corporation. Newcomers can passes judgment on organizations accomplishment dependent on that encounters that we advised to them. From that point, we can persude newcomers to go along with us. Hence, we can broaden our business. (ii) Elektrobit representatives who acknowledge a worldwide task need to sign an agreement before they forget about that spells their compensation, length of remain, and different subtleties of what is expectedof them. To forestall the event of misrepresentation and break of trust in the organization. By marking contract, we can allude to the understanding if any issues expressed on above is happen. In this manner, newcomers in the association will be more diciplined in accomplishing anytypes work given. Thus, this agreement will be a decent direction in their association and the organization will have a decent administration. (iii) Elektrobit moves a normal of 10 individuals per year between its worldwide workplaces, spending around 10,000 every year for every one of them on migration costs, lodging for the representative, and any family that come. The organization ensure representatives have whatever they have to begin working proficiently on appearance. In any case, it additionally attempts to assist them with subsiding into their regular daily existences outside work. This can demonstrate that the Elektrobit Corporation is exceptionally worried about the government assistance of their laborers.

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Midterm - Essay Example e denied same openings for work as the whites; they were made to work for the whites without pay, in the World War they were made to serve in just isolated units. The slaves were utilized for agrarian purposes as work particularly in cotton and tobacco manors. They were likewise utilized in shipyards, as local slaves and as work on the docks. They were seen as slaves such a great amount to the point that their proprietors got them. A slave could be anticipated, and the most noteworthy bidder would take the person in question home. The proprietors were permitted to do anything to the slaves including slaughtering them as the Black Americans were not seen equivalents to the rest. They were given the hardest works, worked under the hardest conditions and were blessed to receive grim disciplines like being left to be battered by pooches or starved to death. Sooner or later, the specialty of the slave exchange was annulled in America, and was currently unlawful and deserving of death. This shows the beginning of another century which ideally would carry a change to the African Americans. In any case, it despite everything didn't bring change. They were as yet treated with scorn and were separated particularly in the way that they couldn't have similar offices with the whites like the train, the transport, the cafés and that's just the beginning. They were permitted to cast a ballot in the national decisions and survey charges. In light of this, in 10909, lobbyist gatherings and dissent bunches rose to react to the by right bigotry. One of the gatherings was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (Zastrow, 2010). This period is now and again known as the Nadir of American Race Relations. This is so in light of the fact that this was the stature of African American isolation. It was exceptional to such an e xtent that race riots were experienced, dark lynching and hostile to blacks’ brutality. It was extraordinary to such an extent that in 1946, Einstein characterized African American bigotry as America’s most noticeably awful malady. In 1981-1997, the United States Department of Agriculture victimized African American

Good Argumentative Essay Topics

Good Argumentative Essay TopicsThere are many reasons why you should consider including Argumentative Essay Topics in your writing. You need to include at least three different essay topics for the essay to make any real difference. It is going to be a very long hard slog through all the argumentative topics, but it will mean that your essay will stand out from all the other crap that is being written.When you are writing an essay, a topic that is argumentative is a unique opportunity for you to throw some ideas out there and see how people react to them. As a writer you must take the time to consider what your audience are looking for and be able to give that to them. This is why many writers include more than one topic in their essays. You need to allow your audience to think about it, and then have your opinion or take on it.The first thing that you must remember when you are doing essay topics is that you have to include at least one that is actually fact. You do not want to leav e yourself open to some charges of being biased if you are factually incorrect. You have to know what your audience want to hear, and that you can prove to them.When you are writing an argumentative essay topics, the best places to use the arguments are to keep it factual. You have to talk about things that can be checked, and then use the facts to back up your opinions. Your reader will not care how you say things, as long as you back them up with good evidence.When you are writing the essay, you need to know the theme world of your article. A theme world is just about the easiest to use, because you do not have to worry about making the connections between the topics. Just point the finger at them and then explain what it is about them that you like.As an essay is written, you need to be sure that the readers will not feel they are reading a legal piece. You do not want to mention who the king is if you are trying to explain why the king has to die. You also need to keep the fact a great deal of focus.Writing Argumentative Essay Topics is a difficult thing to do, and it takes a lot of work, but it can mean the difference between an essay that stands out, and one that is just a little weak. Just try to make sure that you include the three topics in your essay, and you will find that your essay will be much stronger.

The Death Penalty Of The United States - 1733 Words

Werent we taught as little kids that revenge is never the answer? Then why is there such thing as a death penalty? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. This is what is stated in the 14th amendment of the Bill of Rights. So why is there still a death penalty in the United States? The first laws created towards the death penalty go as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which allowed the death penalty to be carried out for 25 different crimes. In these early times death sentences were done by means of crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, burning alive, and impalement. Newer ways to go about the death penalty, more nineteenth century, include hanging, electric chair, gas chamber, and lethal injection. What do all these methods have in common? Well, they are all used to execute someone who has committed an extremely wrongful crime when there are better ways to deal with such individuals. Capital punishment is barbaric and goes against what is said in the Bill of Rights. There are numerous reasons why the death penalty should be removed from the 32 states that still allow it. To begin, in 1834, Pennsylvania was the first state to end public execution, moving executions into confined correctional facilities. Skip forward to 1890, when the electric chair is first used for an execution on William Kemmler. Skip forward again to 1907-1917 where nine statesShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of The Death Penalty894 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America has been influenced by the Britain’s use of death penalty when Europeans first settled into the new world. Majority of the states still carry out executions, and there are hundreds of people that are on a death row sentence. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, and Criminal Justice Legal Foundation are two opposing organizations. The NCADP is against the death penalty while the CJLF is for the death penalty. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death PenaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States948 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty is a huge controversy in the United States. There are many different feelings regarding the death penalty. Some feel like it is the easy way out for people who have committed heinous acts, and others feel like it is the perfect justice for those individuals. An argument made by the website ListVerse explained, that people teach their children not to steal, or commit crimes because they will be sent to prison and punished (ListVerse). Completing their argument, the same websiteRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of the death penalty in the United States has always been a controversial topic. The death penalty, also known as Capital Punishment, is a legal process where a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a heinous crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manne r is a death sentence, while the actual enforcement is an execution (Bishop 1). Over the years, most of the world has abolished the death penalty. But the United States government, and a majority of itsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 Pagesanswer? Then why is there such thing as a death penalty? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. This is what is stated in the 14th amendment of the Bill of Rights. So why is there still a death penalty in the United States? The first laws created towards the death penalty dates back as far as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which allowed the death penalty to be carried out for 25 different crimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The United States3694 Words   |  15 PagesThe death penalty, as we know it today, didn’t exist in the United States until 1976. However, the American penal system has in corporated capital punishment since the earliest settlements were founded in the early 1600’s. The first recorded execution in the United States occurred in 1608 in Jamestown, Virginia when Captain George Kendall was executed just one year after the Jamestown settlement had been established after he had been convicted of being a spy for Spain (Part I: History of the DeathRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesUpon completing a forum post in a Sociology class this semester I was given the task to watch a documentary discussion the death penalty in the United States. After watching several short films that include testimonies of the death row exonerate s, I learned of just how easily these innocent people were almost murdered by a system that you and I are funding. The victims go on not only to tell of their own suffering but also the horror that their families endured. Many of them had several executionRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Th e United States2912 Words   |  12 Pages The death penalty was introduced to The United States by Britain. There have been over 14,000 executions in The United States since 1608. In 2011, 36 states held 3,158 inmates under the death sentence. Hanging, firing squad, the gas chamber, the electric chair, and lethal injections are all methods that are and were used in the history of The United States. Many individuals do not realize what the prisoners go through before getting executed. They also do not know whatRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The Safety Of The United States1180 Words   |  5 Pagessystem was made to protect the rights and the safety of the citizens of the United States, It was created to have justice in the United States, But even then it has some flaws. Three of the faults I decided to discuss about are the death penalty, Issues within prison for example; weapons and riots, and high incarceration rates. The death penalty is just one of many faults in the justice system. It is legal in 31 states such as Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, FloridaRead MoreThe Death Penalty During The United States Essay2246 Words   |  9 PagesThe death penalty in the United States can be traced all the way to early American history when it was under the colonial rule of Britain. Though in early history the death penalty was used for even menial crimes such as burglary, capital punishment in the United States is currently used for only the most heinous crimes, such as first degree murder, rape, treason, or espionage. Because the nation was unified under similar Christian beliefs, there was no question of how death could be the worst punishmentRead MoreShould The United States Allowed The Death Penalty?962 Words   |  4 PagesWith all the jails in the United States being overcrowded with convicts with serious crimes, and doing life without parole. I start to wonder what the impact would be if the United States allowed the death penalty to be used in all fifty states? First, I needed to view into other countries and examine why they still allow to have capital punishment in their country. Out of 196 countries in the world only 58 of those countries still embrace capital punishment. China is at the top of the list that

Essay on The Immorality of Child Labor - 1221 Words

The Immorality of Child Labor Child labor is a serious moral issue. There have been many controversial debates over whether it should be legal or not. Two different viewpoints on the subject exist. Many argue that child labor is morally wrong and that the children should not work, no matter how poverty stricken their family might be. Advocates and major corporations that support child labor argue that it is good because it gives poverty-stricken families a source of income. Child labor first appeared with the development of domestic systems (when people became civilized). It was widely practiced in England, America, and other countries during the 16th-18th centuries. Children were paid very little for the dangerous†¦show more content†¦His ?Master? gave him no money for the long hours he worked. He also stated that he was ?hit again and again.?(Kielberger, 6.) Children who are forced to work also miss out on life and their chance for a good education. ?In Pakistan, I talked to a boy making bricks. He had been sold into labor by his grandfather to pay a debt. ?Would you like to go to school I asked him. ?What is school he asked me.? (Kielberger, 5.) In India, only 64% of males and 39% of females are literate. When children are forced to work at a young age, they can also develop serious health problems. ?Health problems are compounded for children because they are more susceptible than adults to the types of illnesses and injuries associated with occupational hazards.? (Parker, http://www.busph.bu.edu/Gallery/Introp.html.) Child labor is necessary in some places because poor families need the extra income this will bring. Poverty is the reason many children go to work. In India, 37% of the urban and 39% of the rural populations live in poverty. (Unknown.) Studies have ?revealed a positive correlation- in some instances, a strong one- between child labor and such factors as poverty.? (Melara-Kerpelman, 1996.) Also, a poll taken of child laborers revealed that 63.74% said the reason they worked was poverty. (Unknown.)Many parents make their children work because there are no alternate sources of income. In many economically depressed countries where childShow MoreRelatedSociological Criticism of William Blake’s Poetry Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagespoetry collections Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience illustrate Blake’s despair regarding the unjust and unequal society of 18th century England. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† Blake expresses his anger at the late 18th and 19th centurys use of child labor in urban England. In â€Å"London,† Blake illustrates the d epressing class oppression prevalent in the streets of the city. Often considered by scholars as the greatest pioneer of the Romantic movement in English literature, Blakes poetry consistentlyRead MoreThe Life of Slaves926 Words   |  4 Pagesbasic rearing of a child, the child sees their parent as the main authority figure and source of social influence. Being born into the institution of slavery is rife with contradictions and confusion about who is the authority in their lives. Adults maintained clear perspective of the immorality and manipulations within slavery, but children found themselves in a paradox of inconsistency in trusts and truths. Candid conversations about the harsh realities of slavery, the immorality of people holdingRead MoreEngland was a society dominated by children. During the reign of Queen Victoria one out of three of1300 Words   |  6 Pagesfifteen. Child labor was a prominent issue, because there were no systems to ensure the safety of children. During the start of the industrial revolution, there was a â€Å" high demand† for labor (Robson 53). Many families moved from rural areas to new, industrialized cities. After a while things weren’t looking as â€Å"promising† as they did before (Boone 23). In order to maintain, families had to put almost all of their family members to work. This led to a rise in the number of child labor. Children wereRead More2.0 Impacts of HIV/AIDS 2.1 Economic - Healthcare 2.1.1 Human Capital Good health is an element of600 Words   |  3 Pages2.0 Impacts of HIV/AIDS 2.1 Economic - Healthcare 2.1.1 Human Capital Good health is an element of human capital and is an essential ingredient for a productive population. HIV/AIDS influences economic growth by dropping the accessibility of labor. Devoid of proper nutrition, health care and medication is available in developing countries, whereas a large number of people are falling victim to AIDS. 2.1.2 Increased Demand for Health Care People living with HIV/AIDS will not only be unable to workRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies (p631). The third president of the Progressive Era, Woodrow Wilson based his campaign on the theory that less government control of business and a federal minimum wage for workers would eliminate the poverty issues in America (Wilson On Labor primary document). In 1914 Wilson’s most important antitrust legislation, The Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened the government’s ability to dismantle corporations by identifying specific business practices that defined monopolies. (p 636) The politicalRead MoreThe Novel Tess Of The D Urbervilles1411 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel Tess of the D Urbervilles, Hardy places several barriers in the way of Tess and her quest for love. One of the barriers Tess encounters is religion, this barrier is not only associated with Angel but with Sorrow her, illegitimate, child. Another barrier that arises in the novel is class divisions between Tess, Angel and Alec. Tess feels she is not worthy of Angle due to his superior intellect and his middle-class background. whereas Alec abuses his higher class status to subdue andRead MoreCharles Dubois Souls Of Black Folk Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesmobility of the workers in Dougherty County was greatly limited by the labor market available in the county. Most of his group members were sharecroppers and were denied the privilege of economic prosperity due to unfair labor practices implemented by plantation owners. For this reason, â€Å"†¦due to the difficulty of earning sufficient to rear and support a family and it undoubtedly leads to sexual immorality† (98). He adds that this immorality is not illustrated through prostitution but rather illegitimacyRead MoreSummary Of Niebuhrs Moral Man And Immoral Society1375 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes not want to child to be so far away from her. Gilkey realizes that â€Å"she could not react to anything except in a morally responsible way- even when actually she was fiercely defending the interests of her own family against those of others in the community† (Gilkey 86). Although Mrs. White knows that the housing solution is just, she can comfortably say no to giving up her space on the moral grounds of protecting her son from bad influences. This justification of immorality by using reason supportsRead MoreObstacles Faced By Oliver Twist1073 Words   |  5 Pageshas been around since the creation of the world and the beginning of humanity, and it continues to affect many generations, specifically children. Children in poverty do not get a chance to improve their intelligence with education like an average child from a developed country. Children in poverty are often forced to work to support their families. This obstacle continues to affect them to have lower education and remain poor. According to the business dictionary, the term â€Å"social class† is definedRead MorePro Choice Is Not Murder968 Words   |  4 Pageswhy bring a child into this world if a person is not fully capacitated to provide for that child. I d like to address the issue of Pro-Choice, and explain why Pro-Choice is not murder, like many people see it as. Pro-Choice as I determined is agreeing on the issue of abortion, believing that a person has the right to choose whether to have a baby, or abort it. Many disagree due to Pro-choice, believing that all babies should be born, however they never put thought to issues a child will face later

Conceptual Framework free essay sample

Joseph Cornell Artist This internationally renowned modern artist never had professional training. He was first and foremost a collector. He loved to scour old book shops and secondhand stores of new York looking for souvenirs, theatrical memorabilia, old prints and photographs, music scores, and French literature. Joseph Cornell was born on Christmas Eve 1903. He was the oldest of four children born to Helen and Joseph Cornell. He had two sisters, Betty and Helen, and a brother, Robert. Cornell grew up in a grand house in Nyack, New York, a picturesque Victorian town on the Hudson River. Cornells parents shared their love of music, ballet, and literature with their children. Evenings were spent around the piano, or listening to music on the family Victrola. Trips to New York meant vaudeville shows in Times Square or magic acts at the Hippodrome. His father often returned from his job in Manhattan with new sheet music, silver charms, or a pocket full of candy. But Cornells childhood was not without sadness. His brother, born with cerebral palsy, was confined to a wheelchair. Joseph, who was extremely attached to Robert, became his principal caretaker. Artwork By collecting and carefully juxtaposing found objects in small, glass-front boxes, Cornell created visual poems in which surface, form, texture, and light play together. Using things we can see, Cornell made boxes about things we cannot see: ideas, memories, fantasies, and dreams. Turned everyday objects into mysterious treasures. In Homage to the Romantic Ballet, plastic ice cubes become jewels when set in a velvet-lined box, souvenirs of a famous ballerinas midnight performance on the frozen Russian steppe. A small glass jar filled with colored sand is transformed into powdered gold from a Mayan temple, preserved in Cornells Museum.? A symbolist, Cornell used the found materials that inhabit his boxes paper birds, clay pipes, clock springs, balls, and rings. A metal spring from a discarded wind-up clock may evoke the passage of time, a ball might represent a planet or the luck associated with playing a game. Although his constructions are enveloped in nostalgia the longing for something that happened long ago and far away and their appearance is thoroughly modern. Whilst containing a heavy amount of nostalgia Cornell’s work to me has always seemed to focus on beauty and dreams. Looking at his boxes is like looking into different world, a world where you play with your memories and where anything is  possible. The act of juxtaposing these beautiful and old found objects makes them come to life again. There, enclosed in those rectangle boxes, they scream out poetry and become precious. It is obvious Cornell was obsessed with the beauty of the female figure. World Joseph Cornell has influenced generations of teachers in the UK. His philosophy and activities have also become a key component for our country’s Religious Education Environment Program. † Artistic influences included Dada artists Marcel Duchamp and Kurt Schwitters, and Surrealist Max Ernst; other influences were his interest in ballet, music and literature. Audience His work was admired by many of the leading artists of his time, and he had shows at the Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Duchamp also enlisted his help in compiling a dossier on his lifes work. Robert Raushenberg Artwork Rauschenberg saw beauty in the everyday, putting objects into his art that others would consider trash. In doing so, he redefined art as the common things that surround people every day, paving the way for movements like Pop and Conceptual Art. For him, painting entailed not only using a brush, but also silkscreening, collaging, transferring, and imprinting, and he did so on the widest array of materials from canvas, board, and fabric to sheet metal, Plexiglas, plaster, and paper. For example Mr. Rauschenberg’s work gave new meaning to sculpture. Canyon,† for instance, consisted of a stuffed bald eagle attached to a canvas. â€Å"Monogram† was a stuffed Angora goat girdled by a tire atop a painted panel. â€Å"Bed† entailed a quilt, sheet and pillow, slathered with paint, as if soaked in blood, framed on the wall. They all became icons of postwar modernism. Rauschenberg continued experimenting with prints by printing onto aluminum, moving plexiglass disks, clothes, and other surfaces. He challenged the view of the artist as auteur by assembling engineers to help in the production of pieces technologically designed to incorporate the viewer as an active participant in the work. He also created performance pieces centered around chance. To watch dancers on roller-skates (â€Å"Pelican†, 1963) or to hear the sound of a gong every time a tennis ball was hit (â€Å"Open Score†, 1966), was to witness an art that exchanged lofty ambitions for a sense of excitement and playfulness while retaining meaning. Artist A native of Port Arthur, Texas, Robert Rauschenberg was born on October 22, 1925. After briefly attending the University of Texas at Austin to study pharmacology, and serving in the United States Navy during World War II, he enrolled at the Kansas City Art Institute in 1947. In early 1948, he traveled to Paris to study at the Academie Julien, where he met fellow artist Susan Weil; they later married and had a son, Christopher. In the autumn, the couple returned to the United States to study under Josef Albers at Black Mountain College near Asheville, North Carolina until the spring of 1949. Later that year, Rauschenberg moved to New York City and enrolled at the Art Students League. Rauschenberg returned to Black Mountain College in 1951 and again in 1952 when he formed friendships with Merce Cunningham, John Cage, and David Tudor, and participated in Cage? Theater Piece #1, which is now acknowledged as the first Happening. Since the early 50s, Rauschenberg? s sustained involvement in theatre and dance has resulted in costume and set designs for Merce Cunningham, Paul Taylor, Viola Farber, Steve Paxton, and Trisha Brown, as well as for his own productions. World? Rauschenbergs work of the 1950s and 1960s influenced the young artists who developed later M odern movements. Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein traced their inspiration for Pop art to Rauschenbergs collages of appropriated media images, and his experiments in silkscreen printing. The foundation for Conceptual art in large measure lay in Rauschenbergs belief that the artist had the authority to determine the definition of art. The most fitting example is his 1961 portrait of Iris Clert for an exhibition at her gallery in Paris, which consisted of a telegram: This is a portrait of Iris Clert if I say so/ Robert Rauschenberg. The happenings of the 1960s trace their lineage to Rauschenbergs early Events in collaboration with John Cage at Black Mountain College as well as his later theater pieces. His early artwork inspired other artists with the freedom of possibility that they could not find in Abstract Expressionist painting. Audience ? Critics agree that Rauschenbergs later works were not as influential, but his continued commercial success allowed him to support emerging artists. He co-founded Artists Rights Today (ART) to lobby for artists royalties on re-sales of their work, after observing the gains made by early collectors with the boom in the art market. In 1970, he co-founded Change, Inc. , which helped struggling artists pay their medical bills. He became more politically active as he grew older, testifying on behalf of artists for the National Endowment of the Arts in the 1990s. His undying energy is at the root of his success as an artist and as a spokesman for artists In 1951, Rauschenberg produced his monochromatic White Paintings referred to by some critics as hypersensitive screens which registered the smallest adjustments in lighting and atmosphere on their surface, and by sceptics as blank canvases. While his work often enraged Abstract Expressionists and critics, his imagery and methods profoundly influenced Pop, Conceptual, and other late Modern artists.

Society in India Essay Example

Society in India Essay After studying this unit you should be able to explain the concept of unity and diversity describe the forms and bases of diversity in India examine the bonds and mechanisms of unity in India provide an explanation to our option for a composite culture model rather than a uniformity model of unity. 1. 1 INTRODUCTION This unit deals with unity and diversity in India. You may have heard a lot about unity and diversity in India. But do you know what exactly it means? Here we will explain to you the meaning and content of this phrase. For this purpose the unit has been divided into three sections. In the first section, we will specify the meaning of the two terms, diversity and unity. 9 Social Structure Rural and Urban In the second section, we will illustrate the forms of diversity in Indian society. For detailed treatment we will focus on the four forms of diversity, race, language, religion and caste. In the third section, we will bring out the bonds of unity in India. These are geopolitical, the culture of pilgrimage, tradition of accommodation, and tradition of interdependence. Above all, we will note that the unity of India is born of a composite culture rather than a uniform culture. . 2 CONCEPTS OF UNITY AND DIVERSITY We begin by clarifying the meaning of the terms diversity and unity. 1. 2. 1 Meaning of Diversity Ordinarily diversity means differences. For our purposes, however, it means something more than mere differences. It means collective differences, that is, differences which mark off one group of people from another. These differences may be of any sort: biol ogical, religious, linguistic etc. On the basis of biological differences, for example, we have racial diversity. On the basis of religious differences, similarly, we have religious diversity. We will write a custom essay sample on Society in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Society in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Society in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The point to note is that diversity refers to collective differences. The term diversity is opposite of uniformity. Uniformity means similarity of some sort that characterises a people. ‘Uni’ refers to one; ‘form’ refers to the common ways. So when there is something common to all the people, we say they show uniformity. When students of a school, members of the police or the army wear the same type of dress, we say they are in ‘uniform’. Like diversity, thus, uniformity is also a collective concept. When a group of people share a similar characteristic, be it language or religion or anything else, it shows uniformity in that respect. But when we have groups of people hailing from different races, religions and cultures, they represent diversity. D. N. Majumdar wrote a book with the title, Races and Cultures of India. Mark the words in the plural: Races (not Race); Cultures (not Culture). Thus, diversity means variety. For all practical purposes it means variety of groups and cultures. We have such a variety in abundance in India. We have here a variety of races, of religions, of languages, of castes and of cultures. For the same reason India is known for its socio-cultural diversity. 1. 2. 2 Meaning of Unity Unity means integration. It is a social psychological condition. It connotes a sense of one-ness, a sense of we-ness. It stands for the bonds, which hold the members of a society together. There is a difference between unity and uniformity. Uniformity presupposes similarity, unity does not. Thus, unity may or may not be based on uniformity. Unity may be born out of uniformity. Durkheim calls this type of unity a mechanical solidarity. We find this type of unity in tribal societies and in 10 traditional societies. However, unity may as well be based on differences. It is such unity, which is described by Durkheim as organic solidarity. This type of unity characterises modern societies. Let us see it in a diagram Unity and Diversity Fig. 1. 1: Two types of unity The point to note is that unity does not have to be based on uniformity. Unity, as we noted earlier, implies integration. Integration does not mean absence of differences. Indeed, it stands for the ties that bind the diverse groups with one another. Check Your Progress 1 i) Mark which of the following is the correct meaning of diversity? a) b) c) ii) Differences between two individuals Similarities among the members of a group Dissimilarities among groups Mark which of the following is the correct example of social diversity? ) b) c) Temperamental differences between men and women Property differences between the two neighbours Differences of religious belongingness between two groups. iii) Indicate which of the following statements are true and which are false. Use T for True and F for False. a) b) c) d) e) f) Unity means absence of differences. Unity is opposite of diversity. Uniformity is a necessary cond ition for unity. Unity in diversity is a contradiction in terms. Mechanical solidarity is based on uniformity. Unity signifies integration. 11 Social Structure Rural and Urban 1. 3 FORMS OF DIVERSITY IN INDIA As hinted earlier, we find in India diversity of various sorts. Some of its important forms are the following: racial, linguistic, religious and caste-based. Let us deal with each one of them in some detail. 1. 3. 1 Racial Diversity You may have seen people of different races in India. A race is a group of people with a set of distinctive physical features such as skin colour, type of nose, form of hair, etc. Herbert Risley had classified the people of India into seven racial types. These are (i) Turko-Iranian, (ii) Indo-Aryan, (iii) Scytho-Dravidian, (iv) AryoDravidian, (v) Mongolo-Dravidian, (vi) Mongoloid, and (vii) Dravidian. These seven racial types can be reduced to three basic types-the Indo-Aryan, the Mongolian and the Dravidian. In his opinion the last two types would account for the racial composition of tribal India. He was the supervisor of the census operations held in India in 1891 and it was data from this census, which founded the basis of this classification. As, it was based mainly on language-types rather than physical characteristics; Risley’s classification was criticised for its shortcomings. Other administrative officers and anthropologists, like J. H. Hutton, D. N. Majumdar and B. S. Guha, have given the latest racial classification of the Indian people based on further researches in this field. Hutton’s and Guha’s classifications are based on 1931 census operations. B. S. Guha (1952) has identified six racial types (1) the Negrito, (2) the Proto Australoid, (3) the Mongoloid, (4) the Mediterranean, (5) the Western Brachycephals, and (6) the Nordic. Besides telling you what the various types denote, we shall not go into the details of this issue, because that will involve us in technical matters pertaining to physical anthropology. Here, we need only to be aware of the diversity of racial types in India. Negritos are the people who belong to the black racial stock as found in Africa. They have black skin colour, frizzle hair, thick lips, etc. In India some of the tribes in South India, such as the Kadar, the Irula and the Paniyan have distinct Negrito strain. The Proto-Australoid races consist of an ethnic group, which includes the Australian aborigines and other peoples of southern Asia and Pacific Islands. Representatives of this group are the Ainu of Japan, the Vedda of Sri Lanka, and the Sakai of Malaysia. In India the tribes of Middle India belong to this strain. Some of these tribes are the Ho of Singhbhumi, Bihar, and the Bhil of the Vindhya ranges. The Mongoloids are a major racial stock native to Asia, including the peoples of northern and eastern Asia. For example, Chinese, Japanese, Burmese, Eskimos, and often American Indians also belong to this race. In India, the North Eastern regions have tribes of brachycephalic Mongoloid strain. A slightly different kind of Mongoloid racial stock is found in the Brahmputra Valley. The Mikir-Bodo group of tribes and the Angami Nagas represent the best examples of Mongoloid racial composition in India. 2 The Mediterranean races relate to the caucasian physical type, i. e. , the white race. It is characterised by medium or short stature, slender build, long head with cephalic index (the ratio multiplied by 100 of the maximum breadth of the head to its maximum length) of less than 75 and dark (continental) complexion. The Western Brachycephals are divided into the following three sub-groups: (1) The A lpenoid are characterised by broad head, medium stature and light skin, found amongst Bania castes of Gujarat, the Kayasthas of Bengal, etc. ii) The Dinaric- They are characterised by broad head, long nose, tall stature and dark skin colour, found amongst the Brahmin of Bengal, the non-Brahmin of Karnataka, (iii) The Armenoid- They are characterised by features similar to Dinaric. The Armenoid have a more marked shape of the back of head, a prominent and narrow nose. The Parsi of Bombay show the typical characteristics of the Armenoid race (Das 1988: 223). Finally, the Nordic races belong to the physical type characterised by tall stature, long head, light skin and hair, and blue eyes. They are found in Scandinavian countries, Europe. In India, they are found in different parts of north of the country, especially in Punjab and Rajputana. The Kho of Chitral, the Red Kaffirs, the Khatash are some of the representatives of this type. Research suggests that the Nordics came from the north, probably from south east Russia and south west Siberia, through central Asia to India. (Das 1988: 223). Unity and Diversity 1. 3. 2 Linguistic Diversity Do you know how many languages are there in India? While the famous linguist Grierson noted 179 languages and 544 dialects, the 1971 census on the other hand, reported 1652 languages in India which are spoken as mother tongue. Not all these languages are, however, equally widespread. Many of them are tribal speeches and these are spoken by less than one percent of the total population. Here you can see that in India there is a good deal of linguistic diversity. Only 18 languages are listed in Schedule VIII of the Indian Constitution. These are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Out of these 18 languages, Hindi is spoken by 39. 5 percent of the total population; Bengali, Telugu and Marathi by around 8 percent each; Tamil and Urdu by 6. 26 and 5. 22 percent, respectively; and the rest by less than 5 percent each as per 1991 census report (India 2003). The above constitutionally recognised languages belong to two linguistic families: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian. Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are the four major Dravidian languages. The languages of Indo-Aryan family are spoken by 75 percent of India’s total population while the languages of Dravidian family are spoken by 20 percent. This linguistic diversity notwithstanding, we have always had a sort of link language, though it has varied from age to age. In ancient times it was Sanskrit, in medieval age it was Arabic or Persian and in modern times we have Hindi and English as official languages. 13 Social Structure Rural and Urban 1. 3. 3 Religious Diversity India is a land of multiple religions. We find here followers of various faiths, particularly of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, among others. You know it that Hinduism is the dominant religion of India. According to the census of 1981 it is professed by 82. 64 percent of the total population. Next comes Islam, which is practised by 11. 35 percent. This is followed by Christianity having a following of 2. 43 percent, Sikhism reported by 1. 96 percent, Buddhism by 0. 71 percent and Jainism by 0. 48 percent. The religions with lesser following are Judaism, Zoroastrianism and Bahaism. While Hinduism saw a slight reduction in the percentage of their followers by the year 1991, most of the other religions increased their strength though by very narrow margin. According to the 1991 census the Hinduism has 82. 41 percent followers to the total population. 11. 67 percent followed Islam and 2. 32 percent followed Christianity. Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism followed by 1. 99, 0. 77 and 0. 41 percent, respectively. And 0. 43 reported to follow other religions. (Census of India 1995, Series 1, Paper 1 on Religion). Then there are sects within each religion. Hinduism, for example, has many sects including Shaiva, Shakta and Vaishnava. Add to them the sects born or religious reform movements such as Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Ram Krishna Mission. More recently, some new cults have come up such as Radhaswami, Saibaba, etc. Similarly, Islam is divided into Shiya and Sunni; Sikhism into Namdhari and Nirankari; Jainism into Digambar and Shvetambar; and Buddhism into Hinayan and Mahayan. While Hindu and Muslim are found in almost all parts of India, the remaining minority religions have their pockets of concentration. Christians have their strongholds in the three southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and in the north-eastern states like Nagaland and Meghalaya. Sikhs are concentrated largely in Punjab, Buddhists in Maharashtra, and Jains are mainly spread over Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Gujarat, but also found in most urban centres throughout the country. Check Your Progress 2 i) List, in one line, some of the major forms of diversity found in India? . ii) According to Grierson, how many dialects and languages are spoken in India? .. .. iii) What are the various religions found in India? Use two lines for your answer. . 14 . 1. 3. 4 Caste Diversity India, as you know, is a country of castes. The term caste is generally used in two senses: sometimes in the sense of Varna and sometimes in the sense of Jati. i) Varna refers to a segment of the four-fold division of Hindu society based on functional criterion. The four Varna are Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra with their specialised functions as learning, defence, trade and manual service. The Varna hierarchy is accepted all over India. (ii) Jati refers to a hereditary endogamous status group practising a specific traditional occupation. You may be surprised to know that there are more than 3,000 jati in India. These are hierarchically graded in different ways in different regions. It may also be noted that the practice of caste system is not confined to Hindus alone. We find castes among the Muslim, Christian, Sikh as well as other communities. You may have heard of the hierarchy of Shaikh, Saiyed, Mughal, Pathan among the Muslim. Furthermore, there are castes like teli (oil pressure), dhobi (washerman), darjee (tailor), etc. among the Muslim. Similarly, caste consciousness among the Christian in India is not unknown. Since a vast majority of Christians in India are converted from Hindu fold, the converts have carried the caste system into Christianity. Among the Sikh again you have so many castes including Jat Sikh and Majahabi Sikh (lower castes). In view of this you can well imagine the extent of caste diversity in India. In addition to the above described major forms of diversity, we have diversity of many other sorts like settlement patterns tribal, rural, urban; marriage and kinship patterns along religious and regional lines; cultural patterns reflecting regional variations, and so on. These forms of diversity will become clear to you as you proceed along Blocks 1 to 7 of this course. Activity 1 What language do you speak and to which stock of languages does it belong? Find out what language/s is/are spoken in the ten families living on the left side of your own family. Divide them according to the IndoAryan and Dravidian stock of languages. Write down all this information on a separate sheet. Compare your findings with those of other students at your study centre. Unity and Diversity 1. 4 BONDS OF UNITY IN INDIA In the preceding section we have illustrated the diversity of India. But that is not the whole story. There are bonds of unity underlying all this diversity. These bonds of unity may be located in a certain underlying uniformity of life as well as in certain mechanisms of integration. Census Commissioner in 1911, Herbert Risley (1969), was right when he observed: â€Å"Beneath the manifold diversity of physical and social type, language, custom and religion which strikes the observer in India there can still be discerned . †¦. a certain underlying uniformity of life from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin†. We will describe the bonds of unity of India in this section. These are geo-political unity, the institution of pilgrimage, tradition of accommodation, and tradition of interdependence. We will now describe each of them in that order. 15 Social Structure Rural and Urban . 4. 1 Geo-political Unity The first bond of unity of India is found in its geo-political integration. India is known for its geographical unity marked by the Himalayas in the north end and the oceans on the other sides. Politically India is now a sovereign state. The same constitution and same parliament govern every part of it. We share the same political culture marked by the norms of democracy, secularism and socialism. Although it has not been recognised till recently, the geo-political unity of India was always visualized by our seers and rulers. The expressions of this consciousness of the geo-political unity of India are found in Rig-Veda, in Sanskrit literature, in the edicts of Asoka, in Buddhist monuments and in various other sources. The ideal of geo-political unity of India is also reflected in the concepts of Bharatvarsha (the old indigenous classic name for India), Chakravarti (emperor), and Ekchhatradhipatya (under one rule). 1. 4. 2 The Institution of Pilgrimage Another source of unity of India lies in what is known as temple culture, which is reflected in the network of shrines and sacred places. From Badrinath and Kedarnath in the north to Rameshwaram in the south, Jagannath Puri in the east to Dwaraka in the west the religious shrines and holy rivers are spread throughout the length and breadth of the country. Closely related to them is the age-old culture of pilgrimage, which has always moved people to various parts of the country and fostered in them a sense of geo-cultural unity. As well as being an expression of religious sentiment, pilgrimage is also an expression of love for the motherland, a sort of mode of worship of the country. It has played a significant part in promoting interaction and cultural affinity among the people living in different parts of India. Pilgrimage can, therefore, rightly be viewed as a mechanism of geo-cultural unity. 1. 4. 3 Tradition of Accommodation Have you heard of the syncretic quality of Indian culture, its remarkable quality of accommodation and tolerance? There is ample evidence of it. The first evidence of it lies in the elastic character of Hinduism, the majority religion of India. It is common knowledge that Hinduism is not a homogeneous religion, a religion having one God, one Book and one Temple. Indeed, it can be best described as a federation of faiths. Polytheistic (having multiple deities) in character, it goes to the extent of accommodating village level deities and tribal faiths. For the same reason, sociologists have distinguished two broad forms of Hinduism: sanskritic and popular. Sanskritic is that which is found in the texts (religious books like Vedas, etc. ) and popular is that which is found in the actual life situation of the vast masses. Robert Redfield has called these two forms as great tradition of Ramayana and Mahabharata and the little tradition of worship of the village deity. And everything passes for Hinduism. What it shows is that Hinduism has been an open religion, a receptive and absorbing religion, an encompassing religion. It is known for its quality of openness and accommodation. 16 Another evidence of it lies in its apathy to conversion. Hinduism is not a proselytising religion. That is, it does not seek converts. Nor has it ordinarily resisted other religions to seek converts from within its fold. This quality of accommodation and tolerance has saved the way to the coexistence of several faiths in India. Mechanisms of coexistence of people of different faiths have been in existence here for long. Take for example, the case of Hindu-Muslim amity. Hindus and Muslims have always taken part in each other’s functions, festivities and feasts. How did they do it? They did it by evolving the mechanism of providing for a separate hearth and a set of vessels for each other so as to respect each other’s religious sensibility. This always facilitated mutual visiting and sharing in each other’s joy and grief. They have also done so by showing regards for each other’s saints and holy men. Thus, both Hindus and Muslims have shown reverence to the saints and Pirs of each other. And this holds as well for the coexistence of other religious groups like Sikh, Jain, Christian and so on. Activity 2 Write the answers of the following questions on a separate sheet of paper and discuss them with other students at your study centre. i) Give, at least one example, in each of the following areas, to show the blending of Hindu and Muslim cultures in India. a) b) c) d) ii) architecture literature music religion Unity and Diversity Have you recently attended a wedding in a community other than your own? What has struck you as a markedly different feature, which is, absent during a wedding in your community? 1. 4. 4 Tradition of Interdependence We have had a remarkable tradition of interdependence, which has held us together throughout centuries. One manifestation of it is found in the form of Jajmani system, i. e. , a system of functional interdependence of castes. The term â€Å"jajman† refers generally to the patron or recipient of specialised services. The relations were traditionally between a food producing family and the families that supported them with goods and services. These came to be called the jajmani relations. Jajmani relations were conspicuous in village life, as they entailed ritual matters, social support as well as economic exchange. The whole of a local social order was involved (the people and their values) in such jajmani links. A patron had jajmani relations with members of a high caste (like a Brahmin priest whose services he needed for rituals). He also required the services of specialists from the lower jati to perform those necessary tasks like washing of dirty clothes, cutting of hair, cleaning the rooms and toilets, delivery of the child etc. Those associated in these interdependent relations were expected to be and were broadly supportive of each other with qualities of ready help that generally close kinsmen were expected to show. 17 Social Structure Rural and Urban The jajmani relations usually involved multiple kinds of payment and obligations as well as multiple functions. We shall also discuss the jajmani system in the next unit on Rural Social Structure. Here it will suffice to note that no caste was self-sufficient. If anything, it depended for many things on other castes. In a sense, each caste was a functional group in that it rendered a specified service to other caste groups. Jajmani system is that mechanism which has formalised and regulated this functional interdependence. Furthermore, castes cut across the boundaries of religious communities. We have earlier mentioned that notions of caste are found in all the religious communities in India. In its actual practice, thus, the institution of jajmani provides for inter linkages between people of different religious groups. Thus a Hindu may be dependent for the washing of his clothes on a Muslim washerman. Similarly, a Muslim may be dependent for the stitching of his clothes on a Hindu tailor, and vice-versa. Efforts have been made from time to time by sensitive and sensible leaders of both the communities to synthesise Hindu and Muslim traditions so as to bring the two major communities closer to each other. Akbar, for example, founded a new religion, Din-e-Ilahi, combining best of both the religions. The contributions made by Kabir, Eknath, Guru Nanak, and more recently Mahatma Gandhi, are well known in this regard. Similarly, in the field of art and architecture we find such a happy blending of Hindu and Muslim styles. What else is this if not a proof of mutual appreciation for each other’s culture? Quite in line with these traditional bonds of unity, the Indian state in postIndependence era has rightly opted for a composite culture model of national unity rather than a uniform culture model. The composite culture model provides for the preservation and growth of plurality of cultures within the framework of an integrated nation. Hence the significance of our choice of the norm of secularism, implying equal regard for all religions, as our policy of national integration. The above account of the unity of India should not be taken to mean that we have always had a smooth sailing in matters of national unity, with no incidents of caste, communal or linguistic riots. Nor should it be taken to mean that the divisive and secessionist tendencies have been altogether absent. There have been occasional riots, at times serious riots. For example, who can forget the communal riots of partition days, the linguistic riots in Tamil Nadu in protest against the imposition of Hindi, the riots in Gujarat during 1980s between scheduled and non-scheduled castes and communal riots of 2002? The redeeming feature, however, is that the bonds of unity have always emerged stronger than the forces of disintegration. Check Your Progress 3 i) List the bonds of unity in India, in the space given below. . . 18 . i) Indicate the mechanism of the following set of terms, in the space provided against each. a) b) c) d) geo-political unity .. geo-cultural unity .. religious accommodation .. social interdependence .. Unity and Diversity iii) Distinguish between great tradition and little tradition, in the space given below. . . iv) Distinguish between composite culture and uniform culture models of national integration, in the space provided below. . . 1. 5 LET US SUM UP In this unit you have studied that diversity refers to i) patterned differences between groups, ii) socio-cultural variety, and iii) lack of uniformity. Unity means integration that may or may not be based on uniformity, a sense of oneness arising from the bonds that hold the members together or that bind the divers e groups with one another. You have also studied that there are major forms of diversity in India: race, language, religion and caste. Underlying all the diversities there is a remarkable measure of unity. We have noted four bonds of unity in India: geo-political, geo-cultural, religious accommodation and functional interdependence. Closely related to these bonds are four mechanisms of integration: constitution, pilgrimage, provision of a separate hearth, cook and kitchenware for members of other religious community, and jajmani. Finally, we have noted that India has opted for a composite culture model of unity rather than uniform cultural model. . 6 KEYWORDS Brachycephalic In terms of anthropometric measures, heads with a breadth of 80 cephalic index and over are categorised as broad or brachycephalic. Those with an index under 80, but not under 75, are classified 19 Social Structure Rural and Urban as medium heads or meso-or mesati-cephalic. Long or dolicho-cephalic heads are those heads, which have the ceph alic index of below 75. Caucasian Cephalic Index Relating to the white race of mankind as classified according to physical features. The proportion of the breadth of the head to its length is expressed as a percentage and it is called the cephalic index. The condition of unity or of one-ness in a society may be based on the elements of uniformity or similarities. Such condition is described by Durkheim as mechanical solidarity. Relating to a physical type of the Caucasian race characterised by medium or short stature, slender build, long head with cephalic index of less than 75 and dark complexion. A major racial stock native to Asia including peoples of northern and eastern Asia. For example, Malaysians, Chinese, Japanese, Eskimos, and often American Indians also belong to this race. In India, besides several others the Naga tribes in north east belong to this race. A people belonging to the African branch of the black race. In India, the south Indian tribes like Kadar, the Irula, etc. are said to belong to this race. Relating to the germanic peoples of northern Europe and specially of Scandinavia. This is a physical type characterised by tall stature, long head, light skin and hair, and blue eyes. In India, they are found in different parts of north of the country such as Punjab and Rajputana. The condition of unity or one-ness in a society may arise out of differences of socio-cultural characteristics. Such unity as described by Durkheim as organic solidarity. Relating to the worship of more than one god. Converting from one religion to another. Relating to an ethnic group including the Australian aborigines and other peoples of southern Asia and Pacific islands, including the Ainu of Japan the Vedda of Sri Lanka. In India, the Chotanagpur tribes of Bihar called Ho and Bhil are considered to be of this race. Mechanical Solidarity Mediterranean Mongoloid Negrito Nordic Organic Solidarity Polytheistic Proselytising Proto-Australoid 20 Western Brachycephals They have been divided into three types: i) the Alpenoid is characterised by broad head with rounded occiput (the back part of the head or skull) prominent nose, medium stature, round face. Skin colour is light; hair on face and body is abundant, body is thickly set. This type is found among the Bania of Gujarat, the Kathi of Kathiawar, the Kayastha of Bengal etc. Amongst the Dinaric people, the head is broad with rounded occiput and high vault; nose is very long, stature is tall, face is long, forehead is receding; skin colour is darker, eyes and hair are also dark. This type is represented in Bengal, Orissa and Coorg. The Brahmin of Bengal and the Kanarese Brahmin of Mysore are also some of the representatives. Unity and Diversity ii) iii) The Armenoid is in most of the characters like the Dinaric. In the former, the shape of occiput is more marked and the nose is more prominent and narrow. The Parsi of Bombay show typical Armenoid characteristics. 1. 7 FURTHER READING Betteille, A. 2000. The Chronicles of Our Time. Penguin Books India: New Delhi Deshpandae, Satish 2003. Contemporary India: A Sociological View. Viking: New Delhi Mukerjee, Radha Kumud 1954. The Fundamental Unity of India. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: Bombay, pp. 17-22 Risley, H. H. 1969, The People of India (first print in 1915). Orient Books: Delhi